A Mobile phone is a part of our lives but I'm sure you're curious minds have always been struck by such questions as how a mobile phone makes a call and why there are different generations of mobile communications
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let's explore the technology behind
mobile communications when you speak on your phone your voice is picked up by
your phone's microphone the microphone turns your voice into a digital signal
with the help of a MEMS sensor and I seethe digital signal contains your voice
in the form of zeros and ones
an antenna inside the phone receives these zeros and ones and transmits them
in the form of electromagnetic waves electromagnetic waves transmitted the
zeros and ones by altering the wave
characteristics such as the amplitude
frequency phase or combinations of these fo example in the case of frequency 0 and 1 are transmitted by using low and high frequencies respectively so if you could find a way to transmit these electromagnetic waves to your
friends phone you would be able to establish a call however electromagnetic waves are
incapable of traveling long distances they lose their strength due to the presence of physical objects electrical equipment and some environmental factors
in fact if there were no such issues even then electromagnetic waves wouldn't carry on forever due to the Earth's Curved structure to overcome these issues cell towers
were introduced using the concept of
cellular technology in cellular technology a geographic area
is divided into hexagonal cells with frequency slot generally these cell towers are connected through wires or more specifically optical fiber cables these optical fiber cables are laid
under the ground or of the ocean to
provide national or international connectivity the electromagnetic waves
produced by your phone are picked up by
the tower in your cell and convert them into high frequency light pulses these light pulses are carried to the base transceiver box located at the base of the tower for further signal processing
processing your voice signal is routed tower radiates it outwards in the form of electromagnetic waves and your friend's phone then receives the signal this signal undergoes a reverse process and your friend hears your voice so it's true that mobile communications
are not entirely wireless they do use a wired medium - this is how mobile
communications are carried out however there is a big issue that we
intentionally left unanswered mobile communication is only successful when
your tower transfers the signal to your
friends tower but how does your towerknow in which cell tower area your
friend is located well for this process the cell tower gets help from something called a mobile
switching centerthe MFC is the central point of a group
of cell towers before moving further let's explain more information about thEM when you purchase a SIM card all the subscription information is registered in a specified MSC thesis MSC will be your home MSC the home MSC stores information such as service plans your current location and your activity status if you
move outside the range of your home MSC
to understand in which cell location subscriber is within the MSC area theMSC uses a few techniques one way is to update the subscriber location after a
certain period when the phone crosses a predefined number of towers the location update is
again done the last one of these is when the phone is turned on
try to understand all of these wants to call John when Emma dialsJohn's number the call request arrives at Emma's home MSCupon receiving John's number the request
will be forwarded to John's home MSCnow John's MSC checks for his current MSC
if John is in his home MSE the call
whether John is engaged on another callor if his mobile is switched off if everything is positive the foreign MSC the foreignMSC will follow the previously explained phone communications to transfer zeros and ones in digital communication each subscriber is allocated a frequency
range however the frequency spectrum
available for cellular communications is quite limited and there are billions of subscribers this issue is solved with the help of two technologies one frequency slot distribution and two multiple access technique in the first technique different frequency slots are towers in the multiple access technique this frequency slot is efficiently distributed amongst all the active users in the cell are now the big question why are there different generations of mobile phone technologies1/g originally allowedusers for the first time to carry a phone without analog format spectrum in an inefficient way these factors paved the way for the second generation of mobile communications 2gused digital access technologies namely TDMA or CDMAtechnology the second generation also
introduced a revolutionary data serviceSMS and internet browsing3G technology was higher data transfer speed it used a CDmultiple access technique along with an
increase in bandwidth to achieve this the 3G speed of 2 Mbps allowed the
transfer of data for uses such as GPS videos voice calls etc 3G was a huge
step n the transformation of the basic
phone to a smartphone next came 4Gwhich achieved speeds of 20 to 100 Mbps
this was suitable for high-resolution movies and television
this higher speed was made possible due
and my mode technology my mom uses multiple transmitter receiver antennas inside both the mobile phone and the towers the next generation of mobile communication 5g to be rolled out soon will use enhanced MIMO technology and millimeter waves it will provide seamless connectivity to support the internet of things such as driverless cars and smart homes would you like to learn how touchscreen works please check out this video please don't forget to subscribe learn engineering and your support atpatreon.com is invaluable thank you
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